Chameleon

text, image · generative · anchor

Findings

• IC-148Language models represent semantically equivalent inputs from different data types (languages, code, images, audio) close together in intermediate layers, with the shared space scaffolded by the model's dominant language
• IC-149Intervening in the shared representation space using the dominant language (English) predictably changes model outputs for other data types, demonstrating the space is causally used rather than a vestigial byproduct

Shared mechanisms

• Depth-dependent structurealso in Baichuan 2, BERT, BLIP-2, BLOOM, CLIP / CLIP-ViT (LC), DeepFloyd IF, DeiT-III, DINO, DINOv2, Falcon, Gemma, Gemma 2, GPT-2, GPT-J, GPT-NeoX-20B, Griffin, I3D, Idefics, InstructBLIP, LLaMA, Llama 2 / Llama 2 base, Llama 3, Llama 3.1, Llama 3.2, Llama-3.2-3B, LLaVA, LLaVA-1.5 / LLaVA-v1.5, LLaVA-Phi, MAE, MAE-B/16, Mamba, MiniGPT-4, Mistral 7B / Mistral / Mistral 3 7B / Mistral-0.2-7B / Mistral-v0.1, Mixtral 8x7B / Mistral 8x7B Instruct / Mixtral 46.7B / Mixtral 8x7B Instruct / Mixtral-instruct-8x7b, mPLUG-Owl, MPT, MultiBERTs, MViT V2, OLMo / OLMo base, OpenCLIP, OPT, Phi-2, Pythia, Qwen 2, Qwen2-VL, Qwen2.5, RoBERTa / RoBERTa-L, RWKV, SALMONN, SAM, SlowFast, Stable Diffusion, Swin Transformer, TerraMind, TimesFormer, TSM, Uniformer, Vicuna, VideoMAE, ViT, X3D, Yi
• Linear representationalso in BLOOM, Cambrian-1, CLIP / CLIP-ViT (LC), DINOv2, EVA-CLIP, Falcon, Gemma, Gemma 2, GPT-2, GPT-J, HPSv2, ImageBind, InstructBLIP, LanguageBind, LLaMA, Llama 2 / Llama 2 base, Llama 3, Llama 3.1, Llama-3.2-3B, LLaVA-1.5 / LLaVA-v1.5, LLaVA-NeXT / LLaVA 1.6, MAE, Mamba, Mistral 7B / Mistral / Mistral 3 7B / Mistral-0.2-7B / Mistral-v0.1, OLMo / OLMo base, OpenCLIP, Phi-3, PickScore, Pythia, Qwen2-VL, Qwen2.5, ResNet / ResNet-152 / ResNet-101 / ResNet-50-BN, SALMONN, SAM, SigLIP, TerraMind, Tulu 2, Vicuna, ViT