Light Dark Anthropic · text, image · generative · anchor
Closed-weight multimodal model family served through an API, cited in the corpus at the Opus tier.
Note closed-weight model with no paper; the anchor is the vendor announcement for the family, which names the Opus tier carried here and links the model card Variants Claude 3 Opus , Claude 3 Haiku , Claude 3 Sonnet , Claude-3-Haiku-20240229 , Claude Sonnet , Claude Haiku Findings IC-001 Vision-language models perform near chance on the NL-Eye visual abductive reasoning benchmark IC-002 Even when VLMs select the correct hypothesis, their explanations are often invalid or unhelpful IC-092 All evaluated LLMs show consistent F1 degradation to at most 0.60 when two or more events match a retrieval cue IC-093 No evaluated LLM achieves perfect confabulation avoidance on questions about non-existent events IC-094 Episodic recall accuracy degrades systematically from content cues to space cues to time cues across all evaluated LLMs IC-095 Evaluated LLMs achieve at most 36% latest-state accuracy and 18% full-set accuracy on multi-event entity tracking, with low Kendall's tau on chronological ordering IC-099 GPT-4 and Claude 3 Opus can be prompted to selectively underperform on WMDP while maintaining general performance on MMLU and CSQA IC-100 GPT-4, GPT-3.5, Claude 3, Llama 3 8B, and Llama 3 70B can be prompted to approximately calibrate their accuracy to specific target percentages on MMLU IC-101 GPT-4 and Claude 3 struggle to emulate a lower capability profile (high school freshman level) via zero-shot prompting, with only moderate improvement from chain-of-thought prompting IC-133 GPT-4, Claude 3, and Gemini 1.0 Pro do not exhibit detectable watermarks from the red-green, fixed-sampling, or cache-augmented families under black-box statistical tests IC-155 All 13 evaluated MLLMs perform at or near random guessing on MediConfusion, with confusion scores often exceeding 90%, indicating they cannot distinguish visually dissimilar radiology image pairs IC-188 LLMs show constraint-type-specific performance on system message following, with weaker models exhibiting large variance across constraint categories IC-189 Most LLMs show degraded instruction satisfaction when user instructions conflict with system messages, indicating difficulty in prioritizing system message constraints IC-190 LLMs show progressive degradation in system message constraint following across multi-turn conversations, with dependent conversations degrading faster than parallel ones IC-206 GPT-4o-0513 achieves the highest wb-reward mix score (35.7) on WildBench, with a clear three-tier structure among 40 evaluated LLMs IC-207 Open LLMs (Llama-3-8B-Inst, Yi-1.5-34B-Chat) show weaker performance on coding and math tasks compared to proprietary models (GPT-4-turbo-0409, Claude 3 Opus) which perform well across all task categories IC-221 GPT-4o ReAct success rate drops from 47% on synchronous to 11% on asynchronous planning tasks, and all other tested LLMs show equal or worse performance IC-230 Six LLMs show distinct value preferences on daily-life moral dilemmas, with significant inter-model differences on core values such as truthfulness and fairness IC-231 GPT-4-turbo and Claude-3-Haiku show inconsistent adherence to their providers' stated design principles when facing value conflicts in daily-life dilemmas IC-238 LLMs fail to follow user preferences in zero-shot settings, with accuracy below 10% at 10 turns and near zero at 300 turns IC-239 Implicit preference forms (choice-based and persona-driven) are significantly harder for LLMs to follow than explicit preferences at the same context length IC-240 Introducing multiple preferences (including conflicting ones) in a conversation improves LLM adherence to the original preference IC-241 Preference following degrades when the preference is placed in the middle of a long conversation, extending the lost-in-the-middle effect to preference tracking IC-255 GPT-4o, Llama 3.1, and Claude models show varying correlation with human ratings when used as stereotype evaluators, with GPT-4o achieving the strongest gender correlation (ρ=0.86) but weaker racial correlations IC-257 327 DNNs approach or exceed human accuracy on object depth order but are near chance on VPT-basic, while humans show the opposite pattern IC-332 Llama-3-70B exhibits a friendlier, funnier, and less ethics-focused style than GPT-4 and Claude-3-Opus on Chatbot Arena, and these vibes predict model identity at 80% and user preference at 59% accuracy IC-362 LLMs with chain-of-thought prompting predict and simulate human risky choices that are more rational than actual human behavior, correlating more highly with maximum expected value than with human choices IC-363 LLM inferences about others' preferences from observed decisions are highly correlated with human inferences because both assume the decision-maker is rational IC-368 Larger LMs (GPT-4o, Claude-3.5-Sonnet, Gemini-1.5-Pro) exhibit better calibration than their smaller counterparts (GPT-4o-mini, Claude-3-Haiku, Gemini-1.5-Flash) when verbalizing confidence with certainty phrases IC-395 Most mainstream LLMs exhibit positive ADCE across five tasks, indicating reliance on deep structure for problem-solving, with ADCE strongly correlated with accuracy (r² > 0.7) IC-396 Closed-source LLMs (GPT, Claude) rely more on deep structure than open-source LLMs (Llama, Mistral), and open-source models' surface sensitivity decreases with model scale IC-408 Claude models (2.0, 2.1, 3 Haiku, 3 Sonnet, 3 Opus, 3.5 Sonnet) achieve 100% jailbreak attack success rate under prefilling attacks via the Anthropic API IC-433 LLMs exhibit a non-monotonic ID-OOD performance gap (generalization valley) that peaks at intermediate task complexity IC-434 The critical complexity at which LLMs over-rely on memorization shifts to higher task difficulty as model size increases IC-441 Skill-level improvements between model releases are highly uneven, with Claude 3.5 Sonnet gaining ~50% over Claude 3 Opus on law skills while Gemini improved most in math and science IC-572 Bijection learning achieves state-of-the-art jailbreak ASR on frontier models, with peak ASR increasing with model capability IC-573 Model capabilities on MMLU degrade monotonically as bijection encoding complexity increases IC-574 Guard models fail to effectively mitigate bijection attacks even at capability parity with the target model IC-596 Multiple released LLMs fail to refuse harmful prompts disguised as historical or philosophical discussions, with GPT-4o and Mixtral showing the lowest refusal rates IC-605 Six SOTA LLMs are vulnerable to composable jailbreak attacks, with maximum attack success rates ranging from 44% to 94% IC-606 The relationship between model size and jailbreak vulnerability is reversed between Anthropic and Meta model families Shared mechanisms Explanation faithfulness also in BakLLaVA , CF2 , Claude 3.5 , CLIP / CLIP-ViT (LC) , DRUM , Fuyu , GEM , Gemini 1.5 / Gemini Pro 1.5 , Gemma 2 , GPT-3.5 / ChatGPT-3.5 , GPT-4 / ChatGPT4 / GPT-4 Code Interpreter / GPT-4 Technical Report , GPT-4o , GPT-J , Idefics , Llama 3.1 , LLaVA-NeXT / LLaVA 1.6 , MAE-B/16 , MobileNetV2 , mPLUG-Owl3 , OpenFlamingo , PGExplainer , Pythia , RCExplainer , ResNet / ResNet-152 / ResNet-101 / ResNet-50-BN , SigLIP , SigLIP-2 , Stable Diffusion , TAGExplainer , ViT Failure mode also in AASIST , ADM , Aegis-Guard-Defensive , Alpaca , AnyLoc , AutoTikZ / DataTikZ , Baichuan , Baichuan 2 , Baichuan2-13B , BakLLaVA , Bard , BEiT , BERT , BingChat , BLIP , BLIP-2 , BLOOM , BSRNet , CF2 , Chat-UniVi-7B , ChatGLM-6B / ChatGLM-6b-2 , ChatGLM2 , ChatGPT , CLAP , Claude 1.3 , Claude 2.0 , Claude 2.1 , Claude 3.5 , CLEAR , CLIP / CLIP-ViT (LC) , CLIP4Clip , CLIPBERT , CLIPCap , CLMBR-T-BASE , CloFNet , Code Llama , CodeGeex2 , CodeGen , CodeLlama-13B , CodeLlama-34B , CogVLM2 , Cohere Command R , CoMEt , Command R+ , CONCH , CycleGAN , DALL-E , DALL·E 2 , DALL·E 3 , DASR , DECAF , DeepSeek-2-Chat , DeepSeek-2-Coder , DeepSeek-V2-0628 , DeepSeek-VL , DeepSeek-VL2 , DeiT , DeiT-III , Depth Anything , DETR-R50 , DimeNet++ , DINO , DINO-FocalNet-Large , DINOv2 , EGNN , Emu2 , EquiformerV2 , ESCN , ESM-2 , ESM3 , ESRGAN , EVA-CLIP , EVE , Falcon , Faster R-CNN / Faster R-CNN R50 / Faster R-CNN X101 , FLAN-T5 , Florence-2 , FLUX / FLUX1 , FoveaBox , Fuyu , Galactica-6.7B , GAT , 3D Gaussian Splatting , GCN , Gemini , Gemini 1.5 / Gemini Pro 1.5 , Gemma , Gemma 2 , GIN , GLIDE , GLM-4 , GLM-4V , GloVe , GP-UNIT , GPT-2 , GPT-3 / GPT base , GPT-3.5 / ChatGPT-3.5 , GPT-4 / ChatGPT4 / GPT-4 Code Interpreter / GPT-4 Technical Report , GPT-4.1 , GPT-4o , GPT-J , GPT-NeoX-20B , GraphSAGE , Grounding DINO , Guanaco , GVP , Hawkeye , HiFaceGAN , HPS , HuggingGPT , IDDPM , Idefics , Idefics2 , ImageBind , ImageBind-LLM-7B , Imagen Video , ImageReward , 12-in-1 , InstructBLIP , InstructGPT , InternLM-2.5-7B , InternLM-XComposer2-VL , InternVideo , InternVL-1.5 , InternVL2 , Koala , LegalBERT , LLaMA , Llama 2 / Llama 2 base , Llama 3 , Llama 3.1 , Llama 3.2 , Llama-3.2-3B , Llama-3-2-Vision , LLaMA-Adapter v2 , Llama Guard , Llama Guard 2 , Llama-Guard 3 , Llama-VID , LLaVA , LLaVA-1.5 / LLaVA-v1.5 , LLaVA-Med , LLaVA-NeXT / LLaVA 1.6 , LLaVA-OneVision , LongVA-7B , LOVT , LWM-1M-JAX , MACE , MAE , Med-Flamingo , Merlot Reserve , MGCA , MiDaS , MiniCPM-V , MiniGPT-4 , Mip-Splatting , Mistral 7B / Mistral / Mistral 3 7B / Mistral-0.2-7B / Mistral-v0.1 , Mistral Large 2 , Mistral Large V2 , Mixtral , Mixtral 8x7B / Mistral 8x7B Instruct / Mixtral 46.7B / Mixtral 8x7B Instruct / Mixtral-instruct-8x7b , MobileNetV2 , Molmo , MolmoE-7B , Momentor , Moondream2 , Moonshot-v1-8k , mPLUG-2 , mPLUG-Owl , mPLUG-Owl3 , mPLUG-Owl2 , MPT , MSA Transformer , MultiBERTs , Nova Canvas , Nova Lite , Nova Pro , O1 / OpenAI-o1-preview , O3 , O4-mini , OLMo / OLMo base , OneLLM , OpenAI Moderation , OpenChat-3.5-0106 , OpenCLIP , OpenFlamingo , OPT , Otter , Otter-7B , PaLM 2 , PaLM 62B , PandaGPT-7B , PerSAM , Phi-3 , Phi-3.5 Mini Instruct , PickScore , PLIP , Prismatic , ProGen-2 , Pythia , Qwen1.5 , Qwen 2 , Qwen 2.5 72B Instruct , Qwen2-VL , Qwen-Audio , Qwen-VL , Qwen2.5 , Qwen2-Audio , R2D2 , RadFM , RCExplainer , RD-SR , RealESRNet , Reprover , ResNet / ResNet-152 / ResNet-101 / ResNet-50-BN , RetinaNet-R50 , RivaGAN , RS-LDS , RT-1 , RT-2 , SALMONN , SAM , SAM 2 , SAULLM 54B , Scaffold-GS , SchNet , Seed-LLaMA-8B , SGC , SIREN , Sketch Transformer , SLD-max , SLD-medium , SLD-strong , SLDS , SLIMG , SpeechGPT , SphereNet , SRResNet , Stable Diffusion , StackLLaMA , Starcoder , StegaStamp , StyleGAN2-ADA , Swin Transformer , T5 , TD-MPC , TerraMind , TimeChat , TranceptionEVE , TreeRing , Tulu 2 , UnifiedQA , UniPerceiver , UNITER , UniVL , Van Gogh Diffusion , VERA , VGG / VGG13 , Vicuna , Video-Chat-7B , Video-ChatGPT , Video-LLaMA , Video-LLaMA-2-13B , Video-LLaVA , VideoCLIP , ViLA-8B , ViLBERT , VindLU , VioLET , ViRTex , ViT , ViV1T , VTG-LLM , WildGuard , Wizardlm , X-CLIP , X-InstructBLIP-7B , XGen-MM , Xlm-R , Zephyr-7B-beta Positional bias also in BERT , ChatGPT , Claude 3.5 , Falcon , Fuyu , Gemini , Gemini 1.5 / Gemini Pro 1.5 , Gemma , Gemma 2 , GLIDE , GPT-2 , GPT-3.5 / ChatGPT-3.5 , GPT-4 / ChatGPT4 / GPT-4 Code Interpreter / GPT-4 Technical Report , GPT-4.1 , GPT-4o , GPT-J , InstructGPT , LLaMA , Llama 2 / Llama 2 base , Llama 3 , Mistral 7B / Mistral / Mistral 3 7B / Mistral-0.2-7B / Mistral-v0.1 , Mixtral , Mixtral 8x7B / Mistral 8x7B Instruct / Mixtral 46.7B / Mixtral 8x7B Instruct / Mixtral-instruct-8x7b , MPT , O1 / OpenAI-o1-preview , O3 , O4-mini , PaLM 2 , Phi-3 , Pythia , Qwen1.5 , Qwen 2 , Qwen 2.5 72B Instruct , Stable Diffusion , Sybil , Vicuna Scale-dependent behaviour also in Aquila-7B , BEiT , BERT , BLOOM , Claude 2.1 , Claude 3.5 , CLIP / CLIP-ViT (LC) , Code Llama , CodeGen , Cohere Command R , DeepSeek LLM , DeepSeekMoE , DeiT-III , DINO , DINOv2 , EquiformerV2 , ESCN , Falcon , FLAN-T5 , Gemini 1.0 Pro , Gemini 1.5 / Gemini Pro 1.5 , Gemma , Gemma 2 , GPT-2 , GPT-3 / GPT base , GPT-3.5 / ChatGPT-3.5 , GPT-4 / ChatGPT4 / GPT-4 Code Interpreter / GPT-4 Technical Report , GPT-4o , GPT-J , GPT-Neo , I3D , Idefics , InternLM-2.5-7B , InternLM-XComposer2-VL , InternLM2 , InternVL-1.5 , InternVL2 , LLaMA , Llama 2 / Llama 2 base , Llama 3 , Llama 3.1 , Llama 3.2 , Llama-3.2-3B , LLaVA-1.5 / LLaVA-v1.5 , LLaVA-NeXT / LLaVA 1.6 , LongVA-7B , MAE , Mistral 7B / Mistral / Mistral 3 7B / Mistral-0.2-7B / Mistral-v0.1 , Mixtral , Mixtral 8x7B / Mistral 8x7B Instruct / Mixtral 46.7B / Mixtral 8x7B Instruct / Mixtral-instruct-8x7b , Moirai , MPT , MViT V2 , O1 / OpenAI-o1-preview , OLMo / OLMo base , OpenCLIP , OpenFlamingo , OpenLLaMA , OPT , PaLM 2 , Phi-3 , Platypus2-Instruct-70B , Pythia , Qwen , Qwen1.5 , Qwen 2 , Qwen 2.5 72B Instruct , Qwen2-VL , Qwen-Audio , Qwen2.5 , RedPajama-INCITE , ResNet / ResNet-152 / ResNet-101 / ResNet-50-BN , SlowFast , Solar 10.7B , Stable Diffusion , StableLM , Swin Transformer , T5 , TerraMind , text-ada-001 , TigerBot-70B-Chat , TimesFormer , TSM , Tulu 2 , Uniformer , Vicuna , VideoMAE , ViLA-8B , Wizardlm , X3D , XGLM , Xwin-LM-70B-v0.1 , Yi Shortcut also in BakLLaVA , BLIP-2 , Claude 3.5 , CLIP / CLIP-ViT (LC) , CLIP4Clip , CLIPBERT , DALL·E 2 , DALL·E 3 , DeepSeek-VL2 , Eurus-RM-7B , Falcon , FLUX / FLUX1 , Gemini , Gemini 1.5 / Gemini Pro 1.5 , Gemma , Gemma 2 , GPT-2 , GPT-3 / GPT base , GPT-3.5 / ChatGPT-3.5 , GPT-4 / ChatGPT4 / GPT-4 Code Interpreter / GPT-4 Technical Report , GPT-4o , GPT-J , iFlytekSpark-13B , InstructBLIP , Internlm2-Reward , InternVideo , InternVL2 , LLaMA , Llama 2 / Llama 2 base , Llama 3 , Llama-3-2-Vision , LLaVA , LLaVA-1.5 / LLaVA-v1.5 , LLaVA-Med , LLaVA-NeXT / LLaVA 1.6 , Med-Flamingo , Merlot Reserve , MiniGPT-4 , Mistral 7B / Mistral / Mistral 3 7B / Mistral-0.2-7B / Mistral-v0.1 , Mixtral , Mixtral 8x7B / Mistral 8x7B Instruct / Mixtral 46.7B / Mixtral 8x7B Instruct / Mixtral-instruct-8x7b , Molmo , mPLUG-2 , mPLUG-Owl3 , Nova Canvas , O1 / OpenAI-o1-preview , OpenCLIP , OPT , Otter , PaLM 62B , Pythia , Qwen , Qwen 2 , Qwen-VL , Qwen2.5 , RadFM , ResNet / ResNet-152 / ResNet-101 / ResNet-50-BN , Stable Diffusion , Swin Transformer , Sybil , TerraMind , Tulu 2 , UniPerceiver , UniVL , Vicuna , Video-LLaMA , VideoCLIP , VindLU , VioLET , X-CLIP